Prayer For Ethical, Legal And Social Reasons - 1203 Words

In today’s public school system, approximately eight out of every ten schools do not allow any praying whatsoever. Since banning prayer in school, the disciplining of children has greatly diminished. Praying is a religious activity, but it can also become a way for citizens to come together in a peaceful manner. At this time in America’s life, there are more cases going to the Supreme Court about religious happenings in school than ever before. The U.S. should allow prayer in schools for ethical, legal and social reasons. Praying in school can make lasting impressions. It can leave a mark on someone whether psychological or emotional. Emotionally, it could relieve a student of anxiety or stress. It is even known to calm one’s fears. Praying gives the human spirit a psychological makeover. It can give us a more positive outlook about the world in which we live, and also about our own lives. Studies have been conducted on students who pray in school and students wh o do not. The studies have shown that the people who pray appear happier and healthier, compared to those who choose not to pray. If prayer in schools is renewed, people in society possess a greater chance of happiness versus society’s current level of peace. Moral Reasons Ethical reasons exist for prayer in school. People in society develop good morals as a young child, and they carry out those morals while growing up. When prayer is present, it is said that children who are exposed to the right things while theyShow MoreRelatedRoles of the Synagogue Essay1349 Words   |  6 Pagesand pray to God. As well as functioning as a House of Prayer, or Beit ha Tefilah, the synagogue is also known as House of Assembly, Beit ha Knesset and House of Study, Beit ha Midrash. On three things the world stands, says the Mishnah, On the study of the Torah, on worship and on deeds of kindness. This quote reflects the functions of the synagogue distinctly. The study of the Torah is the reason the name House of Study is given to the synagogue. The Read MoreEthical Dilemmas : Ethical Dilemma1418 Words   |  6 Pagesall healthcare clinicians have or will encounter ethical dilemmas during their clinical operations. Consequently most of them get not training on how to solve the situation. The clinical professionals should be trained on how to resolve ethical dilemma cases, since they are vulnerable to this kind of cases. Ethical dilemmas affect the psychological decisions one makes since they dread transgressing on other imperative moral decisions. Cases of ethical dilemmas affect almost every person regardlessRead MoreNursing Philosophy and Code of Ethics Essay872 Words   |  4 Pagesdifferent religious background. This particular patient required a blood transfusion, but opted out due to religious reasons. One had to respect the patient’s wishes and continue to give them adequate nursing care that was in the scope of their religion. One has also enc ountered an experience with a nurse from a different religious background. This particular nurse’s religion had a prayer ritual that required her to pray at different times throughout the day. One respected that nurse and watched overRead MoreEssay on Apostolic church visit1700 Words   |  7 Pagespolitics are influenced greatly by members of this church. The website also lists several charities they are active in, including: Good Samaritan Fund, F.O.C.U.S., and the World Relief Fund (Bluffton Country Apostolic Christian Church, Outreach, 2013). Social context: The socio-economic statuses of the members of this church were mostly middle class. A smaller amount were extremely wealthy and below middle-class. Appearances are important. The cars in the parking lot were mostly new cars. OccasionallyRead MoreShould Prayer Be Allowed? School?1623 Words   |  7 Pagesgovernment is too powerful and those that would agree that prayer should be allowed in school. On the flip side to that those that feel the government does not have enough power and tend to disagree with pear being allowed in school. Based off articles researched and statistics gathered as well summarized it can be determined that those that are of the conservative and or republican party tend to feel that the government should not have a say in prayer in school. This may be because of religious preferenceRead MoreUngs 20501671 Words   |  7 Pages[pic] ETHICS AND FIQH FOR EVERYDAY LIFE (UNGS 2050) ASSIGNMENT 1 MOHD AZWAN BIN JUPERI 0924161 SECTION 10 ASSOC. PROF. DR.HANAPI MOHD NOR 1) Explore a question of moral right and it would be addressed by islam and by ethical system based on secularism. Islam and Secularism. Saudi scholars denounce secularism as strictly prohibited in Islamic tradition. The Saudi Arabian Directorate of Ifta, Preaching and Guidance, has issued a directive decreeing that whoever believes that there is aRead MoreSecular Humanism - Death Penalty1046 Words   |  5 Pagesvery important tool in fighting violent pre-meditated murder. From my point of view as a secular humanist, death penalty should be banned as a form of punishment. Secular humanism is a philosophical school of thought that advocates the use of reason, compassion, scientific inquiry, ethics, justice, and equality. It appeals to agnostics, atheists, freethinkers, rationalists, skeptics, and materialists. Secular Humanism often finds itself in conflict with religious fundamentalism over the issueRead MoreThe Problem Of Child Labor1554 Words   |  7 Pages The reason child labor is now considered inhumane is because of the images and films that were taken by the National Child Labor Committee. These images were publicized in newspapers for the public to see the terrible conditions of the factories and mines (Wagner, 2002). Society and technology continue to develop 2. Natural law is the knowledge of what is right and wrong and what it means to be a human being. It is the unwritten body of universal moral principles that underlie the ethical and legalRead MoreEssay on Implications of HIPPA Violations in Nursing877 Words   |  4 Pagesmore intimately familiar with the social networking site Facebook. Prior to researching the legal and ethical boundaries at it pertains to patient confidentiality in nursing school, many of us thought little of the HIPPA concept and how it applies to each of us as individuals. We can announce to the world on Facebook that I have a lump, please go get a mammogram! We can whine on for ages about our children’s medical problems. We make announcements and call for prayers for our spouses and parents whoRead MoreEthics Of Working With Adolescents1633 Words   |  7 Pagesdeliberation of the legal context, as well as the ethical framework, that guides the practice of a healthcare practitioner (Michaud, Berg-Kell y, Macfarlane, Benaroyo, 2010). Ethical considerations for an adolescent include the important components of duty of care, confidentiality, consent, and mandatory reporting (Sigman, Silber, English, Epner, 1997). Sustainable service collaboration between various service providers is essential to provide holistic health and social service (Beadle, 2009)

As The World Grows So Do Our Challenges Essay Example For Students

As The World Grows So Do Our Challenges Essay As the world grows so do our challenges. Not only are our problems growing in number but they are also growing in complexity. There is scarcely a day that goes by when I dont hear about some new problem that will soon threaten us all. While some of these problems such as El Nino, earthquakes, and other natural disasters cannot be stopped there are other challenges such as the spread of racial hatred, rising risk of disease spread, and the growing levels of civil unrest throughout much of the world which threaten many lives everyday. Most of the futures challenges will only be made possible if all people, regardless of race, color, or nationality, attempt to work together for a stronger world. There are many ways in which I believe that I can help society meet this future challenge of coming together as a united world. While I was an exchange student, I saw the world from a different point of view. For the first time, I realized that the people of the world have so many similarities in comparison to the few and insignificant differences. To make the people of the world unite would merely take time in convincing people of the world that we are all in pursuit of the same basic goals. All that it would take to show that this could be done is two different cultures to unite and then the rest of the world what can come by the strength all gain by coming together. I believe that I can help in solving some of the barriers that hold us back from completing the task that we all desire which is unity. I served as a miniature version of a diplomat when I was an exchange student. I helped people in another country see that we all have common goals and I also helped sever the bonds to racial hatred by providing them insight into the American way of thinking and they did likewise for me. I have done everything to help sever these ancient bonds and will continue to do so in the future as I feel I am called to do. Many suffer problems on a much less grandiose scale. Although these problems may not seem to be as big as world peace or global warming, they are however present. People throughout the world suffer from missing limbs, nervous disorders and a myriad of other health problems. I have always dreamed of helping those who cannot help themselves. This desire is part of what has inspired me to become a Biomedical Engineer for I wish to help design medical devices that are practical and useful for the disabled. Through the advancement of technology, I hope to give the disabled a greater sense of self-worth and better equip them to fit into society. I believe that doing so would be incredibly rewarding, not only to myself, but also, to those whom I have the opportunity to touch. I believe that my diversified  background and also my desire to develop technology for the advancement of others will help to make me useful in solving some of the problems that the future will entail.

A Review of Banking Related Essay Topics

A Review of Banking Related Essay Topics Key Pieces of Banking Related Essay Topics You may find there's a compelling argument for learning another language after all! To choose which subject you're likely to discuss, it's vital to see the complete collection of good persuasive speech topics from the special area of study. The major mission is to convince your listeners your point is the sole right even if it's not. A student can begin searching for issues or arguments having to do with the subject amongst those who work within that area. The question might be part of your introduction, or it may make a wonderful title. If you can select the problem by yourself, it's possible to produce the issue of interest! There's a significant solution to your issue! Now, convince the people that there's an issue. Hence, if you believe banking essays are boring just like your company studies are, then you're probably wrong here. In the majority of countries, only a few corporations control the full economy. First there's the subject of Micro-finance and among the areas ripe for research in society today. You are going to have to conduct extensive research during a long time period, then collect a paper that presents your findings. Drugs have to be illegal throughout the world. Identity theft is a very big issue for elderly individuals. Since you can see, a number of the topics listed are new and deal with the recent issues happening in the World today. Problems connected with drugs are quite contradictive. Cell phone use and texting ensure it is challenging to concentrate. You may trust us to present expert assistance for many of your academic writing needs. Still, eliminating paper and snail mail completely is a ways off, as banks might have to earn an enormous front-end (technology) investment in the following five years to fully do away with it, King states. Thus, it's essential to look after the phone carefully. Our qualified academic experts will assist you in finding a great persuasive essay topic according to all of your requirements and compose a custom-tailored model answer. Completing a dissertation will take from 6 months to over a calendar year, or so the topic should have the ability to keep the student's interest. Possessing excellent research abilities and selecting an excellent topic is essential. The teachers don't always assign the specific topic. A student ought to choose a topic wherein he might apply all of the knowledge he's gained in years of study. In such a case, he is required to select an appropriate topic to write about. A student ought to keep in contact with the hottest trends and know which persuasive essay topics are related to sound convincing in regards to defending personal opinions. Many students find themselves stuck and not able to produce an ideal topic for study. Introducing Banking Related Essay Topics It's important to understand that essay topics are just basic ideas that leave you pondering an idea that might be a huge deal to another person. It will be simpler that you compose a fantastic persuasive essay if it's a subject in which you have knowledge. You may continue to keep your argumentative essays for your upcoming job portfolio in case they're highly graded. Just stick to the guidelines stated above, and you're going to be well on your way to writing a very good persuasive essay. Normally, having three key arguments to demonstrate your point is sufficient for a convincing paper. The range of body paragraphs will mostly rely on the period of your paper. On the opposing side, obtaining a list of good persuasive essay topics is insufficient. Still, figuring out the very best topic for your essay isn't your only concern for a student. Banking Related Essay Topics - Overview Possessing no thought of the persuasive essay topics, you just do not understand what to write about. Good persuasive essay topics must be persuasive. There are several persuasive essay topics to pick from to finish your high school or college assignment. There are many intriguing topics that could be become a persuasive essay if you take the opportunity to consider about doing it. Argumentative essay topics are so important since they are debatableand it's essential to at all times be critically considering the world around us. Persuasive essays share a good deal of resemblance with argumentative essays. All persuasive essays are like argumentative essays. Every argumentative essay ought to have an opposing view which can help you to prove you're right. Hearsay, Deception and Banking Related Essay Topics Education scholars are continuously evolving the way that they think about how we learn and what's taught. Students are accustomed to the fact which their professors give them with the assignment's topic. They should keep their mobile in silence so as to not disturb the class. They should be careful about posting on social media. Trust me, it is going to be well worth it. Completing a dissertation provides students the exceptional chance to use the abilities and knowledge he's cultivated through years of study. If a student chooses a topic within h is field of study, it's very probable that the student won't get rid of interest in the analysis. The Pain of Banking Related Essay Topics Some teens choose to begin a family as soon as the female partner becomes pregnant. Knowing that your son or daughter is stressed by homework doesn't mean that you've got to allow them to not try. Students ought to be permitted to pray in school.

Important Tips For Writing Essays For Class 5

Important Tips For Writing Essays For Class 5There are a lot of good essay topics that you can use to supplement your writing skills in your school's English as a Second Language (ESL) classes. In order to choose the best essay topic for your students, you will need to take a look at the current list of student essays in English for class 5 level.The essay should be able to reflect how you view and see the English language. It should relate to the content of the present papers. Essay topics can be as complicated or as simple as you want it to be.The current list of topics for English language topics for class 5 is quite large and it will not surprise you to know that many of them are covered in the previous school year's essay topics. In fact, most of the subjects that have already been covered in school have already been covered in the previous year's essay topics. Of course, some subjects have been added by the school so that they can maintain the flow of the topic.It is crucial th at your students do a good job in choosing their homework topics for the upcoming school year. A good idea would be to come up with a list of Hindi essay topics for class 5 that is also useful to your students. The list must cover the topics that students can complete in their essays.Besides, the homework for students also needs to reflect the focus of the class and the way they will be looking forward to learning new things. The topics should also reflect what the class wants to find out. Therefore, the assignment of writing the assignments should not only focus on a topic, but should also reflect the way the teacher sees the students in the classroom.Most of the time, high school level students start writing their essays in English at a younger age. This means that a good essay topic for class 5 needs to be written in the beginning of the class so that they can easily grasp the concepts better.Therefore, before the semester starts, you need to make sure that the assignments in Eng lish for class 5 include topics that are easy to understand by all the students. This will ensure that they will finish their assignments and turn them in early so that they can take care of their homework in time.

Essay Writing Tips

Essay Writing TipsWriting an essay is one of the most popular forms of writing, especially for English teachers or aspiring professors. They have to do the writing for students who must read their assignments.Essay writing may be difficult for them because it demands great talent in writing. However, essay writing is not that difficult for those who are practicing English as a second language. In fact, the only thing they have to do is to practice what they learn. This is the reason why there are different English essay writing tips.Grammar is the basis of composition and essay. There are many mistakes that may be made during the course of writing the essay if they don't know the rules of grammar. They must practice what they have learned and know about grammar because there are various ways to write the essays.As an alternative, you can look up an English grammar guide that will teach you all the rules of grammar. You can find them in any bookstore. Or, you can even look up your hig h school's English class when they give lessons on grammar.One common mistake made by a student is the improper usage of quotes. Since you are writing the essay, it is important to make use of correct grammar. But, using quotes as evidence of facts will just make you look like a novice in your field.But, if you still need more proof, just simply read the sentences that were mentioned in the chapter or thesis you're reading. Read out loud to yourself to see if you have understood what it is you are reading. Do this until you have understood every single sentence.Using grammar on essay is the first step of composition. The second step is to practice what you learned by writing the essay.

Essay Sample - Essay of the Likeness and Dislike of the Atkins Diet Program

Essay Sample - Essay of the Likeness and Dislike of the Atkins Diet ProgramWhen you're reading an essay on the Atkins diet program, there are a number of things you can do to help enhance the essay. Here are some ways to add additional character to your composition.Start with an example of a sample essay of the likes and dislikes of the Atkins diet program. This will give you an idea of how to structure your own essay. Add relevant information to the first paragraph of your essay. If you've got a lot of information to begin with, begin by adding the information that you need to create a statement.The last paragraph should contain a summary of the facts that you've included in the first two paragraphs. These will include the number of calories you burn per hour, the amount of weight you lose, and the amount of exercise you perform each day. The conclusion section should discuss other pros and cons of the diet program.You can also write a sample essay of the likes and dislikes of the A tkins diet program if you have some specifics in mind. If you're familiar with the Atkins diet, you can use this information to add specifics to your own essay.It's always easier to write an essay of the likes and dislikes of the Atkins diet program if you know some details about the diet. For example, if you know that you are a vegetarian, you can explain in the beginning of your essay why you choose to stay away from meat.There are a number of other details you can include to make your text more interesting. You can add a quote to a paragraph or even an entire paragraph if you wantto. Be sure to follow your own writing guidelines when it comes to including information.Use an essay of the likes and dislikes of the Atkins diet program to show your passion for the program. Be sure to add relevant facts to your essay so you're able to properly make the point you're trying to make.

Organization Behavior and Management Space Shuttle Challenger

Space Shuttle Challenger Orbiter History The Challenger was initially referred to as the STA-099. The shuttle was built to work as a test vehicle for the Space Shuttle program and was named after the HMS Challenger, which was a British Naval research vessel. The HMS Challenger sailed in the Atlantic Ocean as well as the Pacific Ocean during the 1870’s.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Organization Behavior and Management: Space Shuttle Challenger specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More When the Challenger was built it underwent intensive vibration and thermal testing for a year. NASA awarded Rockwell, a Space Shuttle orbiter manufacturer, a contract in 1979 to build the Challenger by converting the STA-099. The Challenger arrived at the Kennedy Space Center in July 1982, and it became the second orbiter to be operation in the center. The Challenger had been designed to be a historic craft and many were optimi stic it would outlive the rest. The Space Shuttle took its maiden flight on April, 1982 for the STS-6 mission, which saw the first ever space walk in the space shuttle program. The EVA (Extra Vehicular Activity) was done by Astronauts Donald Peterson and Story Musgrave. This lasted about four hours and it was also during this mission the first deployment of a Tracking and Data Relay System constellation was done. After completing nine successful missions, on January 28, 1986 the Challenger was launched on the STS-51L and after a mere 73 seconds it exploded killing all the seven crewmembers (NASA, 2011). This paper will look at the SHUTTLE 51-L MISSION, the organization that was involved in the Challenger project, the mechanical failure of the Space Shuttle Challenger, the organizational behavior and management shortcomings that contributed to the disaster and finally make organizational behavior and management changes that can be adopted to prevent a reoccurrence of the same disaste r. Discussion NASA Program As the Challenger Space Shuttle progressed, there was an increase in the demands being placed on NASA and this resulted to an increased risk of disaster (Jarman Kouzmin, 1990). The NASA team had a false sense of security having carried out 2Kramer, James, 1987 missions, which had been successful. Prior to the launch, there were many wrangles within NASA, and managers were working in a place with heavy overload and turbulence (Kramer James, 1987). The management at NASA was characterized with a disease full of decay and destruction (Kramer James, 1987 p.14).Advertising Looking for case study on engineering? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There was lack of a formal DSS program at NASA initialized before the launch for the shuttle operations. There were strong indications that decisions were being made through satisficing and short cuts. There were lots of compromise and operations were greatly aff ected. NASA was accused of having semi-uncontrolled decision making as they tried to satisfy the needs of the military, scientific community, industry and this led to the space shuttle being declared operational even before the development stage of the shuttle had been completed (Kramer, James, 1987). Decision making at NASA was done by default as there lacked DSS. The organizational structure at the program was political and manipulations were done to meet requirements of the political power. When the Reagan Administration declared the Space Shuttle â€Å"operational†, many employees at NASA lacked motivation and left with the impression that decision making on the project should be made by the political administration (Jarman Kouzmin, 1990). Employees began being complacent and safety of the shuttle was highly compromised, as they tried to keep the shuttle on schedule and satisfy the clients. This presents the situation at NASA prior to making the decision to launch the s pace shuttle (Dunbar Ryba, 2008). SHUTTLE 51-L MISSION (Challenger Flight) The 51-L mission was the 25th mission that NASA was going to undertake in its STS program. Shortly after launching the Challenger on 28, January 1986, the Challenger exploded mid air, destroying the vehicle and killing the entire seven crew members on the mission. This mission was aimed at deploying a second Tracking and Data Relay Satellite as well as the Spartan Halle’s Comet Observer. The mission was also going to be the first time there were observers or passengers participating in a program called NASA Teacher in Space Program ((Dunbar Ryba, 2008). S. Christa McAuliffe was one of the crew onboard and she was going to conduct live broadcasts that were going to be broadcasted to schools throughout the world (Dunbar Ryba, 2008).Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Organization Behavior and Management: Space Shuttle Challenger specifically for you for only $16.05 $ 11/page Learn More The destruction of the Challenger and the loss of life had profound impact on the society and the way it viewed the Space program and particularly NASA. As this paper will discuss, the tragic decision that was made to allow the launching of STS 51-L was as a result of long term contributing factors that were further increased by bad or weak organizational behavior and management strategies. The outcome of this tragedy caused loss of life, resources and made people to mistrust the space program. Although the accident of the Challenger was blamed on the hardware failure of the SRB â€Å"O† ring (known as Solid Rocket Boost), the decision that was made by the management was also flawed. The decision was based on faulty organizational behavior and management and this was further aggravated by the mismanagement of initial information that suggested the launch be postponed (NASA, 2008). Other factors that besides organizational behavior and managem ent played a major role in contributing to the accident occurring. They included the demand NASA was getting from the political ruling class to deliver and launch on the scheduled day (NASA, 2008) The process of proving to the American people and the political system that there was need for a reusable space shuttle had begun in the 1960s. The Challenger was one of the ways that this could be proven and thus a lot of pressure and expectation was put on the program. Unlike the previous missions such as the Apollo, the Space Shuttle was going to be used in space operations without having a defined goal (Jarman Kouzmin, 1990 p. 3). This presents the first contributing factor in the Challenger’s accident. Without a defined role for use, the Challenger was going to be used as a utility vehicle for space operations and thus there lacked a strong support for the project, both financially and politically. In order to gain favor and political support for the project, the Challenger wa s sold and presented to the political elites as a â€Å"quick payoff† (Jarman Kouzmin, 1990 p. 8). The project also gained support by predicting that it could be used by the military as a means that could be used to enhance the national security. To the industry, it was sold as a commercial opportunity, where companies could offer clients an opportunity to visit space. Many scientists in the program told the American public that the Challenger Shuttle was going to be an American Voyage that was going to have great scientific gain (Jarman Kouzmin, 1990 p. 10). To the world, the Challenger project was sold as a partnership that was going to include the ESA (European Space Agency) as well as a means that was going to improve the relations between nations and bring together people of different nationalities, sex and races by serving as crew members during missions (McConnell, 1988).Advertising Looking for case study on engineering? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The process that was used to gain support in the economic, social and political arena for the space shuttle can be cited to be the second contributing factor that resulted to the accident (McConnell, 1988). There was use of heterogeneous engineering, which means that the engineering and management decisions in the project were structured in ways that were going to be appealing to the political, economic, and organizational factors rather than being structured into a single entity mission that was aimed at achieving specific goals (Jarman Kouzmin, 1990 p. 9). When the Space Shuttle became operational, it was faced with many operational demands from many people. It had to live up to the promises that had been given by NASA. This placed a lot of pressure on the management team as they tried to coordinate the needs of the military, political elites and the scientific community. The political pressure was to provide a space vehicle that was going to be reliable and could be reused. It w as also supposed to be difficult to achieve this as it was going to hinder the ability of creating an effective system for integration and development. It was also going to be infeasible to create a management support system that could cater for the diverse requirements. There was also a low moral within the NASA employee, which was created during the Reagan Administration when the shuttle was given the green light for operation even when the development stage had not been completed (Jarman Kouzmin, 1990). The American Congress expected that the Shuttle program was going to be financially self supportive after billions of dollars had been used to go to the moon (Jarman Kouzmin, 1990, p. 15). With this lack of support from Congress, NASA adopted and operated as a commercial business instead of a government program. It can therefore be concluded that the environment of the program prior to launching had been one mucked wih conflict, short cuts and managerial stress (Jarman Kouzmin, 1990, p.15). Mechanical failure of the Challenger Before the launching date, concerns had been raised about the integrity of carrying on with the launch when the temperatures were as lower than those expected for optimal performance. On a previous mission, 51-C, it had been noted that the booster joints were covered with soot and grease after launching on a cold weather. Tests were carried out in the laboratory on the effect of low temperatures on the O-ring resilience. It was recommended that they be replaced by steel billets and this would have meant a redesign of the field joint. By the time of the accident, the steel billets were not ready. Engineers at Alan McDonald made a presentation that detailed on the effects the cold weather was going to affect the booster performance. This was necessary because the temperatures of the launching date were expected to be lower than 350F. After the concerns were raised a meeting was convened and various heads and engineers attended. The pe ople in attendance included, engineers, top management of Marshal Space Flight Center, Kennedy Center, and Morton Thiokol. The meeting was called to discuss on the effect the cold weather was going to have on the mission especially the boosters’ performance. Engineers gave a clear presentation that argued that the cold weather would have a major effect on the joint rotator and the O- ring seating. The test carried out had only gone to a low of 530 F and this presented a problem of the unknown (Rogers’s, 1989). Thiokol provided NASA with information concerning the launch and thought that the low temperatures were going to affect the O-rings to a point they were going to be ineffective. The mission had been cancelled previously due to the cold weather and NASA was not ready for another cancellation (Kramer, James, 1987 p.23). Although information had been provided by a GDSS from another company showed that the O-rings were going to work under the predicted weather, engi neers from Thiokol were skeptical about the data they had inputted into the GDSS. This meant that NASA was relying on a GDSS that had flawed information (Kramer James, 1987). At this juncture, NASA asked for a definitive confirmation or rejection of the planned launch from Thiokol. The representatives from Thiokol responded by recommending the launch be delayed until the temperatures were favorable. NASA continued to pressure Thiokol to change their minds and NASA level three managers is reported to have retorted to the representatives, â€Å"My God, Thiokol, When do you want me to launch, next April?† (Kramer, James, 1987, p.7). It was after this that Thiokol representatives asked to be given time to rethink their recommendations. An engineer with Thiokol was asked to stop reasoning as an engineer and start thinking as a manager, which suggests that the group was placing organizational needs in front of safety of the shuttle. Thiokol representatives returned to the GDSS an d recommended that the launch be done as planned. When NASA asked if there was any objection to this no one from the GDSS objected. During the launch the O-ring were severely affected by the cold weather and this mechanical failure caused the accident and the eventual loss of the crewmembers (Kramer, James, 1987). Critical analysis of the organizational behavior and management shortcomings that contributed to the disaster The environment, organizational behavior and management which NASA and its developers operated in gave a large margin for human error. However, Thiokol and NASA had a chance to avert the accident during the GDSS meeting before the launch. The organizational behavior and management fallings can be attributed to the accident. First, the team especially Thiokol had prior knowledge that the O-ring was going to be affected by the cold weather months before the launching. However, the primary goal of the project was to meet the launch date. NASA warned about the problem , but it downplayed it. This presents the first element of the mismanagement of information and bad organizational behavior that resulted into the accident. Any suggestion and proposals of the launch-taking place were met with positive support from the management while all suggestions of delays were shot down without taking into consideration the risk involved in carrying out the launch (Turban, 1988). Third, there was a strong feeling among the people involved in the project management to live up to the promises made. Despite the fact that Thiokol engineers were skeptical about the planned launching, their management went ahead and agreed with the other members of the GDSS to continue with the launch (Turban, 1988). Fourth, there was bad organizational behavior and management on the part of Thiokol, because they agreed with the other teams although their engineers were telling them to stop the launch (Priwer, Philips, 2009). Fifth, all people involved in the top management of the project were afraid of how the political elites and the public would react if another cancellation was done. In the previous one year the launch had been postponed six times. Many in this group were starting to rationalize that if they had succeeded in the past they were as well going to succeed this time (United States Congress, 1986). Finally, the group as stated before was working with flawed data and even when Thiokol engineers began to question the integrity of this information, nobody took action. People in the GDSS meeting who were proposing that the launch be delayed were unwelcome and therefore the management had its mind made on the launching date. During the meeting, it was seen that NASA representatives were at times assertive and intimidate the other players to a point where they disregarded warnings given. The meeting is also faulted as a bad organizational behavior and management, because it was easy to downplay the personal opinions held by each member. Instead of th e speaker conversion, the meeting should have been held at a place where all members were present and maybe the outcomes would have been different. The GDSS failed the point where Thiokol asked to be given five minutes to conduct a private meeting. Before this point Thiokol had maintained that the launch should be cancelled, but after the private meeting it changed its mind. Conclusion The failure of the spaceship Challenger can be blamed on the organizational behavior. NASA has a variety of risk avoidance system. Their aim is to ensure that the missions are safe. NASA is one of the smallest federal agencies and operates under a strict budget of US$ 15 Billion (NASA, 2010). This removes any flexibility during risky situations. This agency has been known to be dependant to their history for decision making. Since their establishment in 1958, their main aim was to beat the Soviet Union spaceflights. Though their budget keeps being cut, they still stick to their mission. The cut costs made NASA realize that they could include the private business sector. This increased their pressure for success, which was also coming from the government. They had to research and develop the operations with limited time. NASA Budget in billions of American Dollar (NASA, 2010) The normalization of deviance is another short coming on the management of the NASA. This is a term, which is used to explain the way sometimes some technical flaws are not scrutinized by the various safety bodies over time. This is because they are both expensive and time consuming. Due to the pressure to produce, it is seen as absurd to spend resources on problems, which are not a risk (Launius, 1992). The postponing of the launch can be because of many reasons. Maybe the problem was the O-rings significance was not considered so much hence the problem with it was a minor one to them. The other reason would be, because the president was using the flight as a reference in his speech or maybe it was because of the much pressure, which was being exerted by both the private sector and the government. Recommendations Failures can happen no matter the safety systems applied. Though the cause of the failure was technical, the organizational failure caries a huge part in it. There are numerous things that NASA can do to avoid these types of organizational failures ever happening (Lewis, 1988). One of them is the Hierarchical power. Some of the management’s personnel at the high posts have no interest in the hierarchy. Some of them would rather not make decisions that would jeopardize their work. The congress, a body of the NASA which offers regulatory oversight, has no desires to jeopardize the central district of NASA through their decisions. These are huge obstacles to the changes that should be made in the organizational behavior and management. They should create a way in which the engineers can have the ability of by passing the hierarchy and bureaucracy before launching unsafe missions. If the engineers had had their way during the Challengers disaster, the O-rings would have been replaced or the launch postponed. Though these activities would be very costly to NASA, it would not be as expensive as losing the crew and the vehicle (United States Congress, 1986). The bureaucratic procedures should be sometimes be exempted from getting some data. This is because hunch or intuitions which the engineers might have may take a long time to be researched on and analyzed (Hall, 2003). 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(2009). Space exploration for dummies. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons. Rogers’s commission. (1989). Report Of the President Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident. Washington DC. G.P.O Turban, E. (1988). Decision Support and Expert Systems, New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. United States Congress. (1986). Investigation of the Challenger Accident; Report of the Committee on Science and Technology, House of Representative, Ninety-Ninth Congress , Second Session. Washington: U.S. G.P.O. This case study on Organization Behavior and Management: Space Shuttle Challenger was written and submitted by user Aydin Flores to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.